John Maynard Keynes. Vol Three Fighting for Freedom 1937-1946 / Robert Skidelsky

For Keynes, surprisingly, philosophy took precedence over economics. His personal system of ethics, worked out while he was a member of a secret undergraduate Cambridge discussion group, stressed the freedom of individuals to pursue the good egoistically. Since money and morality are so closely interlinked for Keynes, a candid reappraisal of his life might prove instructive. Skidelsky's massive biography peels away the establishment veneer to show us a Bloomsbury intellectual, a homosexual, a conscientious objector in World War I and a latecomer to economics who initially thought that the ``dismal science'' was of low value. Keynes used his position at the Treasury Department to push for the Allies to fight a limited war. Infatuated with statistics, he kept count in his diary of his sexual encounters with his lover, painter Duncan Grant. Almost too slowly, we watch the Bloomsbury esthete, who put friends and knowledge above all, transformed into the pioneer liberal economist. Billed as the first full-scale biography since Sir Roy Harrod's 1951 Life, this work shows what connections, if any, link Keynes's life and his fiscal theories.